Portsmouth
About
Portsmouth is a pedestrian history lover’s dream! A Coastal Virginia treasure, Portsmouth’s museums, walking tours, public art, assortment of quirky shops and eclectic, locally-owned restaurants are all located within a few square blocks. Portsmouth’s Olde Towne District boasts one of the largest collections of standing period architecture on the Eastern Seaboard. Its naturally deep harbor gives rise to a maritime community steeped in over 300 years of American history.
Colonial Era – 1675-1775
In Portsmouth, the road to American Independence consistently intersected with the road to individual freedom.
Shortly after Portsmouth’s indigenous peoples fought successfully against wealthy English planters to defend their lands, servants and the enslaved were lured by promised freedom to fight alongside those same planters in the ill-fated Bacon’s Rebellion.
William Carver was hanged for his role in that rebellion, forfeiting his land grant. Col. William Craford secured a portion of that land, set aside 65 acres, and petitioned the General Assembly to establish the town of Portsmouth. Scottish merchant Andrew Sprowle established Gosport Marine Yard there and was appointed Naval Agent to the Crown.
At the outset of colonial rebellion, fellow Scot and Virginia Governor Lord Dunmore headquartered his troops at Gosport. After offering freedom to those enslaved who were willing to fight for the loyalist cause, he assembled his Ethiopian Regiment there. Once again, the roads to American Independence and individual freedom converged.
Troops, including the Ethiopian Regiment, were sent from Portsmouth to quash resistance at Kemps Landing and Great Bridge. During these skirmishes, the British fought Portsmouth revolutionaries like William “Billy” Flora, a free black Portsmouth entrepreneur and “Hero of the Battle of Great Bridge.”
The slaughter of British troops at that short, pivotal battle led to Virginia’s last Royal Governor being driven from his post here. Tragically, the Ethiopian Regiment fled with Dunmore and died of smallpox at Gwynn’s Island, never fully enjoying their promised freedom. Still, Dunmore’s decree continued to draw the enslaved, and at war’s end, ships leaving Portsmouth would carry countless once-enslaved British soldiers to a life of freedom in Nova Scotia.
With the changing tide created by the Battle of Great Bridge, Portsmouth was soon a patriot stronghold. It’s crucial role in Virginia’s break with colonial rule marked the beginning of its strategic importance throughout the war for America’s independence.
Revolutionary War Era – 1776-1781
The year 1776 saw the burning of Norfolk, Dunmore’s retreat, and the building of Fort Nelson. With most of Norfolk in ashes, Portsmouth became the center of commerce on the Elizabeth River. In 1779, the British destroyed Fort Nelson and the Patriots retreated, burning the shipyard. That same year, General Washington granted enslaved men freedom in exchange for service in the Continental Army and once again, the struggle for American independence intersected with the quest for individual freedom.
In 1781, General Benedict Arnold’s troops marched into Portsmouth, and a seven-month occupation ensued. Enslaved Patriot hero James Fayette operated as a Patriot double agent here, infiltrating Arnold’s and then, Cornwallis’ headquarters. Fayette’s intel was instrumental in the British defeat at Yorktown. The bell at Portsmouth’s Trinity Episcopal Church was cracked ringing in that Patriot victory and its graveyard is the final resting place of many Portsmouth Revolutionary War veterans.
Since he never “bore arms”, James Fayette was not among the thousands of Loyalist and Patriot soldiers who won their personal freedom by war’s end. Fayette petitioned the General Assembly and was finally granted his freedom in 1787.
The war for American independence was over, but the struggle for the individual freedom of its citizens had just begun!
Post War – The Fight for Independence and Freedom Continues
When England threatened American independence in 1812, the Battle of Craney Island closed a choke point in the Elizabeth, preventing Fort Nelson from being captured. In 1827, the nation’s oldest and longest continually running naval hospital, (Naval Regional Medical Center Portsmouth) was erected at the Fort Nelson site.
On June 17, 1833, Portsmouth’s Gosport (now Norfolk Naval Shipyard) won its race with Boston Naval Shipyard to complete the Western Hemisphere’s first drydock. Built by skilled stone cutters, many of whom were enslaved and underpaid free blacks, Drydock Number One represents an important African American contribution to our nation’s maritime prowess. America’s position as an independent nation was secure, but the road to individual freedom and equality for all its people would be long – and it would run straight through Portsmouth!
While Portsmouth’s free black seaman sought equality on the waterways, many of Portsmouth’s enslaved, including George Teamoh found freedom on the Underground Railroad. During Reconstruction, Portsmouth voices continued to fight for equality. Teamoh returned here, and as a state senator focused on equal pay for shipyard workers. Soon after, Lithuanian Jewish immigrants recognized Portsmouth as a place to freely practice their rites and traditions. By the turn of the century, Ida Barbour was preparing Portsmouth’s African American youth to succeed in an unaccepting world.
The 20th century heard new Portsmouth voices crying out for individual freedom and equality: Jeffrey Wilson, Israel Charles Norcom, William Spong, Jr., and James W. Holley III. With its diverse population and the rich telling of its history, Portsmouth remains at the crossroads of American freedom and independence!
Attractions:
Historic Olde Towne (oldest home built in 1740s)
Guided & Self-Guided History Walking Tours
Elizabeth River Walk
Naval Shipyard Museum
Trinity Church Tour
Emanuel AME Church Tour
Local Events
October 02, 2024 - October 02, 2024
City of Portsmouth
Visit the stately Hill House Museum in Portsmouth, Virginia’s historic Olde Towne district. Docents provide tours of the four-story English basement... Read More
![Vive Lafayette! - The Hill House Museum - Portsmouth, VA - Special Event Saturday](https://va250.org/events/image/AFL LOGO.jpg)
October 05, 2024 - October 05, 2024
City of Portsmouth
Kick-off to the museum's month-long celebration: Frank Womble, Lecturer Mr. Womble is a member of the Board of Governors for the American Friends ... Read More
![Vive Lafayette! - The Hill House Museum - Portsmouth, VA](https://va250.org/events/image/HILL HOUSE PIC.jpg)
October 09, 2024 - October 09, 2024
City of Portsmouth
Visit the stately Hill House Museum in Portsmouth, Virginia’s historic Olde Towne district. Docents share new research that reveals connections betw... Read More
![Vive Lafayette! - The Hill House Museum - Portsmouth, VA - Special Event Saturday](https://va250.org/events/image/TIDWATER WINDS.jpg)
October 12, 2024 - October 12, 2024
City of Portsmouth
Tidewater Winds Brass Quintet The festive garden performance begins at 1 p.m. including pieces composed and performed for Lafayette during his Fare... Read More
![Vive Lafayette! - The Hill House Museum - Portsmouth, VA](https://va250.org/events/image/HILL HOUSE PIC.jpg)
October 16, 2024 - October 16, 2024
City of Portsmouth
Visit the stately Hill House Museum in Portsmouth, Virginia’s historic Olde Towne district. Docents share new research that reveals connections betw... Read More
![Frederick Douglass and James Fayette Talk "Lafayette" Live on Another View](https://va250.org/events/image/Lafayette Another View.jpg)
October 17, 2024 - October 17, 2024
City of Portsmouth
During the Bicentennial of his Farewell Tour of America as the Nation's Guest, Barbara Hamm Lee Talks "Lafayette" with Abolitionist Frederick Douglass... Read More
![Heart of Lafayette Unveiling](https://va250.org/events/image/Heart of Lafayette Unveiling.jpg)
October 18, 2024 - October 18, 2024
City of Portsmouth
Post Secondary Brewing will unveil its limited edition "Heart of Lafayette" in honor of The Nation's Guest! This Biere Blanche (White Beer), with not... Read More
![Vive Lafayette! - The Hill House Museum - Portsmouth, VA - Special Event Saturday](https://va250.org/events/image/HILL HOUSE PIC.jpg)
October 19, 2024 - October 19, 2024
City of Portsmouth
Julie Dunn - Lecture - 1 p.m. Ms. Dunn is a Hill House Museum Board member with a passion for local history. She is excited to share details of Ge... Read More
![It](https://va250.org/events/image/Revolutionary.jpg)
October 19, 2024 - October 19, 2024
City of Portsmouth
Bring the entire family to this Lafayette-Inspired History Extravaganza! Inside, younger family members will be educated and entertained, as Revolutio... Read More
![Vive Lafayette! - The Hill House Museum - Portsmouth, VA](https://va250.org/events/image/HILL HOUSE PIC.jpg)
October 23, 2024 - October 23, 2024
City of Portsmouth
Visit the stately Hill House Museum in Portsmouth, Virginia’s historic Olde Towne district. Docents share new research that reveals connections betw... Read More
![Bicentennial of Lafayette’s Farewell Tour Visits Portsmouth VA – Lafayette Visits Emanuel AME](https://va250.org/events/image/Emanuel Visit.jpg)
October 25, 2024 - October 25, 2024
City of Portsmouth
On his way by horse and carriage to a ceremony at High Street Landing, Lafayette will stop at Historic Emanuel AME. Frederick Douglass, along with Re... Read More
![Bicentennial of Lafayette](https://va250.org/events/image/Rededication Ceremony2.jpg)
October 25, 2024 - October 25, 2024
City of Portsmouth
Join Fort Nelson Daughters of the American Revolution as they rededicate the pyramid centennial monument they erected 100 years ago to the date. The ... Read More
![Bicentennial of Lafayette](https://va250.org/events/image/YVR.jpg)
October 25, 2024 - October 25, 2024
City of Portsmouth
When Lafayette visited Portsmouth on this date in 1824, he looked on as citizens reenacted the Battle of Scotts Creek. Through the magic of living hi... Read More
![Bicentennial of Lafayette’s Farewell Tour Visits Portsmouth - Vive Lafayette! - The Hill House Museum](https://va250.org/events/image/TEA FOR VA 250.jpg)
October 26, 2024 - October 26, 2024
City of Portsmouth
Farewell Tea with General Lafayette - 1 p.m. The stately Hill House Museum hosts a festive tea featuring Mark Schneider, nationally acclaimed Gener... Read More
![Vive Lafayette! - The Hill House Museum - Portsmouth, VA](https://va250.org/events/image/HILL HOUSE PIC.jpg)
October 30, 2024 - October 30, 2024
City of Portsmouth
Last Chance! Visit the stately Hill House Museum in Portsmouth, Virginia’s historic Olde Towne district. Docents share new research that reveals c... Read More